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The Evolution of Matter - Table of Contents

The Evolution of Matter - the book List of Illustrations

CONTENTS.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI PAPERS BY THE AUTHOR PUBLISHED IN THE REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . xxv INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

BOOK I. THE NEW IDEAS ON MATTER. CHAPTER I.
THE THEORY OF INTRA-ATOMIC ENERGY AND THE PASSING-AWAY OF MATTER.

§ I. The new ideas on the Dissociation of Matter - Matter not indestructible - Radio-activity universal property of Matter - Intra-atomic Energy - General Propositions. § 2. Matter and Force - Matter a variety of Energy - All Phenomena transformations of Equilibrium - Energy consequence of Condensation of Nebula. § 3· Consequences of the Vanishing of Matter - Nothing created, everything perishes -Destruction of Matter very slow - Indestructibility of Mass must go - Possibly Conservation of Energy also - Atoms Planetary Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18

CHAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE DISSOCIATION OF MATTER, AND OF INTRA-ATOMIC ENERGY.

Author's discovery of Black Light - Of radio-activity of all bodies - M. Becquerel on the reflection, etc., of Uranium Rays - Acceptance of author's theory by M. de Heen Unpopularity at outset - Testimony of M. Dastre - Of M. Lucien Poincare - Of English writers - M. de Heen's comparison of the discovery of Black Light with that of X Rays - M. Georges Bohn's appreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-34

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BOOK II.

INTRA-ATOMIC ENERGY AND THE FORCES DERIVED THEREFROM.

CHAPTER I.
INTRA-ATOMIC ENERGY: ITS MAGNITUDE.

§ 1. The Existence of Intra-atomic Energy - Emission of particles with enormous speed by Matter when Dissociating - Energy developed equal to that of 1,340,000 barrels of gunpowder - This Energy within not without the Atom - Its Origin. § 2. Estimate of Quantity of Energy in Matter - That contained in the smallest coin sufficient to send train more than four times round the Earth - Other measurements by Rutherford, Max Abraham, and J. J. Thomson. § 3· Forms of Energy condensed in Matter - Kinetic Energy in pin's bead = 208,873,000,000 kilogrammetres. § 4· Utilization of Intra-atomic Energy - Useless at present because Dissociation of Matter cannot be hastened - This Difficulty overcome, power will be free to all . . . 35-51

CHAPTER II.
TRANSFORMATION OF MATTER INTO ENERGY.

Old Idea that Matter had nothing in common with Energy - Difficulty of upsetting this notion - Lord Kelvin's first view - New Ideas only make their way gradually - Influence of Prestige on scientific belief . . . . . . 52-59

CHAPTER III.
FORCES DERIVED FROM INTRA-ATOMIC ENERGY - MOLECULAR FORCES, ELECTRICITY, SOLAR HEAT, ETC.

§ 1. Origin of Molecular Forces - Cohesion, chemical affinity, etc., only explicable as Intra-atomic Energy. § 2. Origin of Electricity - Constantly increasing importance of Electricity - Electricity form of Intra-atomic Energy set free by Dissociation of Matter. § 3· Origin of Solar Heat - Stars not necessarily cooling - Heat lost by Radiation may be compensated for by Energy liberated in Dissociation . . . . . . . . 60-67

IX

CHAPTER IV.

OBJECTIONS TO THE DOCTRINE OF INTRA-ATOMIC ENERGY.

M. Poincare's, M. Painleve's, and M. Naquet's objection that no endothermic combination stable - Answer: Matter not stable since easily dissociated - M. A. Gautier's confirmation of this - M. Despaux's objection: quantity of matter and energy in the world invariable - Answer: facts about radium disprove this - M. Ducland and M. Laisant's criticisms - Professors Filippo Re's, Somerhausen's, and Pia's opinions - Consequences of sudden dissociation of gramme of radium - Annee Scientifique's and M. Sagaret's remarks . . . . . . . . 68-79

BOOK III. THE WORLD OF THE IMPONDERABLE.

CHAPTER I.

CLASSIC SEPARATION BETWEEN PONDERABLE AND IMPONDERABLE - IS THERE AN INTERMEDIATE WORLD?

Lavoisier's Definition and Berthelot's Approval - Larmor's reconciliation of Ether and Matter - Particles emitted during Dissociation of Matter the link with Ether . . . . . . . .80-86

CHAPTER II.

IMMATERIAL BASIS OF UNIVERSE: THE ETHER.

Importance of Ether in Physics - Difficulty of defining its Properties - Not a gas - Other opinions - Imponderable but condensable - Larmor's opinion that Material Molecule only Ether . . . . . . . . . 87-93

CHAPTER III.

DIFFERENT EQUILIBRIA IN THE ETHER.

All ethereal equilibria very unstable - Vortex ring theory - Explains Gravitation- M. A. Gautier's opinions on this - M. Benard's experiments - Matter a particular state of ethereal Equilibrium . . . . . . .94-100

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BOOK IV. THE DEMATERIALIZATION OF MATTER.

CHAPTER I.

INTERPRETATION OF DISSOCIATION EXPERIMENTS.

§ 1. The First Interpretations - Crookes' "ultra-gaseous" state - Kinetic Theory of gases described - Cathode Rays really identical with Particles of dissociating Matter. § 2. Interpretations now current - Discovery of X and Uranium Rays make old explanations untenable - Ionization merely Dissociation - Contrasts between Ordinary and Ionic Electricity - Dissociation Products identical for all substances . . . . . . . 101-112

CHAPTER II.
PRODUCTS · OF DEMATERIALIZATION OF MATTER.

§ 1. Classification of above Products - Classification necessary - Can he divided into six Classes. § 2 . Characteristics of Dissociation Elements: viz., Emanation, Positive and Negative Ions, Electrons, Cathode Rays and X Rays . . . . . . . 113-129

CHAPTER III.

DEMATERIALIZATION OF SPECIALLY RADIO-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES.

§ 1. Products of Dematerialization of such Substances. § 2. a rays or Positive Ions. § 3· b rays or Negative Electrons. § 4· Y or X rays. § 5· Semi-material Emanation of Radio-active Substances. § 6. Induced Radio-Activity. All these stages in return of Matter towards Ether . . . . . . . 130-147

CHAPTER IV.

DEMATERIALIZATION OF ORDINARY BODIES.

§ 1. Causes of Dematerialization - How Dissociation proved. § 2. Dissociation hy Light. § 3· By Chemical Reactions. § 4· By Electric Action. § 5· By Combustion. § 6. By Heat. § 7· Spontaneous Dissociation. § 8. Part played by Dissociation in Natural Phenomena . . . . . . . . . 148-162

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CHAPTER V.

ARTIFICIAL EQUILIBRIA OF ELEMENTS PRODUCED BY DISSOCIATION.

Possibility of photographing momentary Equilibria - Attractions and Repulsions of dissociated Particles - Globular Electricity -The Ionic Fluid and its Geometrical Forms . . . . . . . 163-171

CHAPTER VI.

HOW MATTER CAN DISSOCIATE.

§ I. Causes of modification of molecular and atomic structures - Equilibria disturbed by slight but appropriate action -Acoustic analogy. § 2. Mechanism of Dissociation. § 3· Causes of Dissociation of very Radio-active Substances. § 4· Does Radium Exist? . . . . . . . . . . . . 172-187

BOOK V. THE INTERMEDIATE WORLD BETWEEN MATTER AND ETHER.

CHAPTER I.

PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN MATTER AND ETHER.

Only irreducible characteristic of Malter Mass - Variation of Mass in case of Electric Fluid - Kaufmann and Abraham's Researches on this - Particles real link between Ponderable and Imponderable . . . . . . . . 188-197

CHAPTER II.

ELECTRICITY A SEMI-MATERIAL SUBSTANCE.

§ 1. Radio-active ancl Electrical Phenomena. § 2. Elements emitted by Electric Machine compared with Emissions of Radio-active Bodies - Aigrettes identical with a, b, and Y Rays - Aigrettes also give ultra-violet light - Experiments with Dr. Oudin . . . . . . . 198-214

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CHAPTER Ill.

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC AXD MATERIAL FLUIDS COMPARED.

Superior Mobility of Electric Fluid - Cornu's Analogies - Neutral Electric Fluid not observable - Susceptibility to Gravitation real Distinction . . . . . . . . . 215-219

CHAPTER IV.

MOVEMENTS OF ELECTRIC PARTICLES.

Example of Electrified Sphere at Rest: no Magnetic Force - In Motion, Magnetic Force appears - Acceleration of Motion produces vibrations of Ether - Rowland's and Zeeman's Experiments - Electronic Theory . . . . . . . . . 220-227

BOOK Vl.
THE WORLD OF PONDERABILITY: BIRTH, EVOLUTION AND END OF MATTER.
CHAPTER I.

CONSTITUTION OF MATTER AND FORCES WHICH MAINTAIN MATERIAL EDIFICES.

§ 1. Former Ideas on Structure of Atoms. § 2. Current Ideas on Constitution of Matter. § 3. Magnitude of Elements of Matter. § 4. Forces which maintain Molecular Structures. § 5. Attractions, Repulsions and Equilibria of Isolated Molecules - Osmotic Phenomena and Leduc's Experiments . . . . . . . . 228-247

CHAPTER II.

VARIATIONS OF MATERIAL EQUILIBRIA WITH CHANGE OF ENVIRONMENT.

§ 1. Mobility and Sensibility of Matter. § 2. Variation of Equilibria with Change of Medium - Matter in incessant Motion . . . . . . . .248-255

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CHAPTER III.

VARIOUS ASPECTS OF MATTER.

§ 1. Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid States. § 2 . Crystalline State of Matter and Life of Crystals - Von Schron's Experiments - Double Generation of Crystals . . . . . . 256-262

CHAPTER IV.

UNITY OF COMPOSITION OF SIIIIPLE BODIES.

§ 1. Are all Simple Bodies formed from One Element? § 2. Are Simple bodies of Unvarying Fixity? - Berthelot's Experiments - Chemical species variable . . . . . . . 263-273

CHAPTER V.

VARIABILITY OF CHEMICAL SPECIES.

§ 1. Variability of Simple Bodies - Author's Experiments on Variation of Elements by Actions by Presence - Transmutation of Elements. § 2. Variability of Compounds - Action of Caffeine and Theobromine combined - Modification of Atomic Equilibria possible . . . . . . . . 274-287

CHAPTER VI.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA OF MATERIAL SUBSTANCES.

§ 1. Chemical Equilibria of Minerals. § 2. Of Organic Substances - Living Being an Aggregate of Cells . . . . . . . 288-295

CHAPTER VII.

INTRA-ATOMiC CHEMISTRY AND THE UNKNOWN EQUILIBRIA OF MATTER.

§ 1· Intra-atomic Chemistry. § 2. Colloid Metals. § 3. Diastases, Enzymes, Toxins, and Action by Presence - Catalyzers Liberators of Energy. § 4. Oscillating Chemical Equilibria . . . . . . . . 296-306

xiv

CHAPTER VIII.

BIRTH, EVOLUTION, AND END OF MATTER.

§ 1. Genesis and Evolution of Atoms - Nebulae and the Spectroscope - Atom follows law of Birth, Growth, and Death. § 2. End of Matter - Electricity one of its last stages, Ethereal vibrations last of all. § 3. Conclusions, Recapitulation, and Functions of Hypothesis . . . . . . . . 307-319

SECOND PART.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES.

PREFATORY NOTE . . . . . . .321

CHAPTER I.
GENERAL METHODS OF VERIFYING DISSOCIATION . . . . . . . . 322-329

CHAPTER II.

METHOD OF VERIFYING DISSOCIATION BY LIGHT . . . . . . . . 330-337

CHAPTER III

DISSOCIATION BY VARIOUS PARTS OF SPECTRUM . . . . . . . . 338-356

CHAPTER IV.

POSSIBILITY OF RENDERING ORDINARY BODIES RADIO-ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . 357-359

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CHAPTER V.

NEGATIVE LEAK CAUSED BY LIGHT . . . . . . . . . 360-376

CHAPTER VI.

DISSOCIATION BY COMBUSTION . . . . . . . . . 377-382

CHAPTER VII.

DISSOCIATION BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . 383-389

CHAPTER VIII.

DISSOCIATION OF VERY RADIO-ACTIVE BODIES . . . . . . . . . 390-393

CHAPTER IX.

IONIZATION OF GASES . . . . . . . . . 394-398

CHAPTER X.

EMANATION FROM ALL SUBSTANCES . . . . . . . . . 399-402

CHAPTER XI.

ABSENCE OF RADIO-ACTIVITY IN FINELY-DIVIDED BODIES . . . . . . . . . 403

CHAPTER XII.

VARIABILITY OF CHEMICAL SPECIES . . . . . . . . . 404-414

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CHAPTER XIII.

PASSAGE THROUGH MATTER OF DISSOCIATED PARTICLES . . . . . . 415-418

CHAPTER XIV.

HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS . . . . . . 419-428 INDEX OF AUTHORS . . . . . . 429 INDEX OF SUBJECTS . . . . . . 432

Created by Dale Pond. Last Modification: Monday April 23, 2018 04:59:00 MDT by Dale Pond.